Agriculture: The
provision of goods and food through farming.
Child labor: For
children aged 5–11 years: at least one hour of economic
activity or at least 28 hours of domestic work a week. For children aged 12–14 years
old: at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 28 hours of domestic
work a week.
Communicable disease: One
that can be communicated from one person to another.
Corruption Perceptions Index: A
measure of the level of public-sector corruption, based on 13 different expert
and business surveys that ask questions relating to the abuse of public power
for private benefit.
Decile: One of 10 equal parts (a tenth, or 10% of a whole).
Democracy Index: The
Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index is based on five categories: electoral
process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government;
political participation; and political culture.
Developing countries: Poor,
or non-industrialized, countries.
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY): The
equivalent of
one year of healthy life lost due to illness and disability.
Gender Empowerment Measure: An evaluation of the extent to which
women are able to actively participate in economic and political life, and to
take part in decision-making.
Gini index: A
measure of inequality based on the Gini coefficient, which
compares actual distribution to an equal distribution. In the representation in
this atlas, a value of 100 = absolute inequality. A value of 0 = absolute
equality.
GDP/GNP/GNI: Measures
of the annual output of goods and services from a country or region. Gross Domestic
Product includes all production within that territory (domestic production).
Gross National Product includes the production owned by nationals
(citizens) overseas. Gross National Income (GNI) is a variant of GNP.
All three are frequently divided by total population to produce a rough measure
of productivity per capita (person), and an even more approximate measure of
average income.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC): Forty countries defined
by the HIPC Initiative of the IMF and the World Bank as potentially eligible to
receive debt relief on the basis that they have “a proven track record in
implementing strategies focused on reducing poverty and building the foundation
for sustainable economic growth.”
Human Development Index: A combined measure
of social
development, based on life expectancy, literacy and enrolment in education, and
GDP (PPP) per capita.
Industrialization: The process through which industrial
capacity
is created. The increased productivity, and increased range, of goods and
services arising from industrialization bring the potential for higher living
standards.
Industry: The mining, manufacturing and energy
sectors of production.
Also refers to a constant process of technical and social change that
continually increases society’s capacity to produce a wide range of goods.
Infectious
disease: see
Communicable disease
OECD: The
Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development. Its 32 members, which represent the world’s major free-market
economies, meet for discussions, and make legally binding agreements.
Map projection: A
representation of the globe on a flat surface.
“Projections” involves compromise. This atlas uses the 1913 Winkel Tripel
projection. The “Tripel” refers to the three elements of area, direction and
distance. Cartographer Oswald Tripel minimized distortion in all three elements.
Non-communicable disease: A
disease that cannot be caught from another person. The risk of developing certain
of these diseases is known to be influenced by factors such as life-style.
Poverty: While
conventional definitions focus on the absence of wealth
or material possessions, research using the perspectives of poor people
recognizes that poverty also involves vulnerability and exclusion from society.
Poverty gap: The
depth of individual or household poverty, measured in terms
of the distance between the poverty line and the income of an individual or
household whose income is below the line.
Poverty line: A
level of personal income below which someone is deemed
to be living in poverty. These levels are often set nationally, either as a
percentage of the average income or in relation to the price of basic goods.
Internationally, the threshold of $1, or more recently, $1.25, a day is used.
Purchasing Power Parity: PPP
rates of currency exchange take account of price differences between countries by
comparing the cost of a common basket of commodities in every country. This
facilitates comparisons of real values for income, poverty, and consumption.
Quartile: One
of four equal parts (a quarter, or 25% of a whole).
Quintile: One of five
equal parts (a fifth, or 20% of a whole).
Services: Intangible
products such a banking, insurance, accounting,
medicine, cleaning.
Years of life lost (YLL): Number
of deaths multiplied by the remaining life expectancy at the age at which death
occurs.
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